SYSYEM DISORDER AND /OR ADVERSE REACTIONS
Drug Name:SYSYEM DISORDER AND /OR ADVERSE REACTIONS
List Of Brands:
Indication Type Description:
Indication
Other Information
Indication:
METABOLIC SYSTEM DISORDER AND /OR ADVERSE REACTIONS - SUMMARY
Refer - Other information
Other Information:
DISORDERS AND /OR ADVERSE REACTIONS - METABOLIC SYSTEM - SUMMARY
( Ref- Harrisons - Priniciples of Internal Medicine Ninth Edition )
1. Hyponatremia ( 417 )
2. Hyperkalemia ( 442 )
3. Hypokalemia ( 441 )
4. Metabolic acidosis ( 446 )
5. Hypercalcemia ( 1835 )
6. Hyperuricemia ( 483 )
7. Hyperglycemia ( 386 )
8. Porphyria exacerbation ( 494 )
9. Hyperbilirubinemia ( 1454 )
10. Leukemias (1620)
11. Chronic Granulocytic leukema (1630)
12.Hodgkins Disease (1635)
13. Squamous -cell carcinoma ( 1653)
1. Hyponatremia ( 417 )
Hyponatremia indicates that the body fluids are diluted by an excess of water relative to total solute.Hyponaremia is not equivalent to sodium depletion, which is only one of a number of clinical statesin which it may occur . Most types of hyponaremia can be considered to result from defective urinary dilution
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
a. Dilutional
1. Vincristine
2. Cyclophosphamide
3. Chlorpropamide
4. Diuretics
b. salt wasting
1. Diuretics
2. Corticosteroids ( withdrawal )
3. Enemias
4. Mannitol
2. Hyperkalemia ( 442 )
Hyperkalemia are caused by renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, diuretics which inhibit potassium secretion etc. Inadequate renal excretion is the most frequent cause.
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
1. Spironolcatone
2. Triamterene
3. Amiroride
4. Cyctotoxics
5. Corticosteroids ( withdrawal )
6. Succinyl chloride
7. Digitalis overdose
8. Potassium salts of drugs
9. Potassium preparations including salt substitute
10. Lithium
3. Hypokalemia ( 441 )
The principal cause of potassium depletion are, gastrointestinal , renal, osmotic diuretics, excessive minerlocorticoid effects, renal tubular diseases etc. The most frequent cause of potassium depletion is probably administration of diuretics without adequate potassium supplementation. Potassium excretion is increased during osmotic diuretics.
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
1. Diuretics
2. Laxative abuse
3. Corticosteroids
4. Amphotericin B
5. Alkali -induced alkalosis
6. Insulin
7. Osmotic diuretics
8. Carbenoxolone
9. Gentamicin
10. Degraded tetracycline
11. Vitamin B12
4. Metabolic acidosis ( 446 )
Metabolic acidosis is caused by one of three mechanisms.
1. increased production of nonvolatile acids,
2. decreased acid excretion by the kidney,
3. loss of alkali.
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
1. Paraldehyde ( degraded )
2. Phenformin
3. Acetazolamide
4. Spironlocatone
5. Salicylates
5. Hypercalcemia ( 1835 )
Hypercalcemia is the most common manifestation of hyperparathyroidism. Careful consideration must be given to the justification of surgical exploration in the absence of definite hypercalcemia.
There are numerous reports of so-called - normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism- with normal calcium but elevated values of immunoactive PTH (iPTH) . However, careful scrutiny of the reports reveal that in those with adenomas, the patients were ,in fact, hypercalcemic at some time in their course, they could be more correctly described , therefore as having intermittant hypercalcemia, perhaps an early feature of hyperparathyroidism
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
1. Antacids with absorbale alkali
2. Vitamin D
3. Thiazides
6. Hyperuricemia ( 483 )
The biochemical hallmark and prerequite of gout is hyperuricemia. The concentration of uric acid in body fluids is determined by the balance between rates of production and eliminatiion . Uric acid formed by oxidation of purine bases , which may be exogenous or endogenous in origin
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
1. Thiazides
2. Chlorthalidone
3. Ethacrynic acid
4. Furosemide
5. Aspirin
6. Cytotoxics
7. Hyperalimentation
8. Fructose ( IV )
7. Hyperglycemia (1749)
Adverse reaction- drugs
1. Corticosteroids
2. Oral contraceptives
3. Chlorthalidone
4. Ethacrynic acid
5. Thiazides
6. Furosemide
7. Diazoxide
8. Growth Hormone
8. Porphyria exacerbation ( 494 )
The porphyrias are a group of clinically hetrogenous diseases associated with inherited or acquired disturbances in heme biosynthesis. Porphyrins are tetrapyrrole pigments that serve as intermediates in this pathway. They are formed from precursors delta- aminolevulinic acid ( ALA ) and porphobilinogen Heme, the ferrous iron complex of protoporphyrin IX , functions as prostatic group of hemoproteins such as haemboglobin.
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
1. Barbiturates
2. Chlordiazepoxide
3. Meprobamate
4. Sulfonamides
5. Estrogens
6. Oral contraceptives
7. Chlorpropamide
8. Phenytoin
9. Glutethimide
10. Grisefluvin
11. Rifampicin
9. Hyperbilirubinemia ( 1454 )
In disorders associated with hemolysis, most commonly hemolytic anemias, the rate of bilirubin productoin is increased and may even exceed the amount that can be removed by normal liver. This resulting in jaundice is prinarily an uncogugated hyperbilirubinemia
Adverse reaction- drugs ( 386 )
1. Rifampicin
2. Novobiocin
10. Leukemias (1620)
Leukemia is a disease characterized by neoplastic proliferation of one of the blood-forming cells.The different types of leukemia are classified according to cell type involved, and as acute or chronic, depending on the state of maturity of the neoplatic cells and the expected duration of the disease.
If left unattended all forms of ledukema are fatal, death is usually due to complications resulting from infiltration of the bone marrow by leukemic cells and replacement of normal hematopietic cells. The average survivial of untreated patients with acute leukemia is about
3 months, but the course of the disease may vary considerably
11. Chronic Granulocytic leukema (1630)
Chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) can occur at any age, but majority of the patients are
between 30 and 50 yeas old. Although there is no well-defined etiologic factor, an increase
in both acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia was noted 5 to 8 years following atomic bomb explosion in Japan
The chronic phase of CGL begins as a myeloproliferative disorder in which there is an excessive proliferation and accumulation and accumulation of granulocytic cells of intermediative maturity as well as ploymorphoninuclear leukocytes. The median white cell count at the time of diagnosis is about 200,000 per cubic millimeter
12.Hodgkins Disease (1635)
Hodgkins disease usually presents either with asympathomatic discrete, painless, rubbery
enlargement of lymph nodes or with symptoms of liver, night sweats, weight loss, and sometimes pruritus associated with adenopathy. Sympatomatic adenospathy may be noted by the patient or by the doctor on a routine physical examination. Often mediastinal adenopathy is noted on a routine physical examination.
Often mediastinal adenopathy is noted on a routine X-ray or film taken because of a persistent , dry, nonproductive cough. The presentations are more common
in young people and such patients often have the nodular sclerosing variety of the disease.
13. Squamous -cell carcinoma ( 1653)
Squamous cell carcinoma also arises from the epidermis but shows significant squamous
differentiation and usually keratin production. These tumors have a variable tendency to
metastaize , depending upon their size, extent of invasion, and whether they arise from
a premalignant lesion, a burn scar, a chronic inflammatory condition, or from apparently
normal skin. The typical squamous cell carcinoma is a painless, firm, red nodule or plaque
with visible scales on the surface. Ulceration and crusting may occur
